Category Archives: Awards

Tatjana Sauka-Spengler- Winner of the 2020 Cheryll Tickle medal

In 2016, the BSDB introduced the Cheryll Tickle Medal, which is being awarded annually to a mid-career, female scientist for her outstanding achievements in the field of Developmental Biology.

The BSDB is proud to announce the 2020 awardee, Tatjana Sauka-Spengler

Originally from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tatjana completed her undergraduate studies in Physics at the University of Sarajevo and soon after sought asylum from the Bosnian War in Czech Republic, where she became a High School teacher at the Gymnazium of Pardubice (1992-93). Having obtained her first graduate degree in Solid State Physics at the University of Paris (1999), Tatjana was selected for the “Interface Physics-Biology” Graduate programme and after discovering a passion for developmental biology at the MBL Embryology Course in Woods Hole, she pursued a second PhD in Biology in the group of Sylvie Mazan at the University of Paris, with whom she worked to elucidate the conserved gene regulatory mechanisms of gastrulation (1-3). She then went on to work as a postdoctoral researcher in the group of Marianne Bronner at the California Institute of Technology. There, she pioneered experimental approaches to study gene regulation in vivo using avian embryos (4,5). In parallel, she developed methodologies to for the study the genomics of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (6,7). Tatjana spearheaded the establishment of a system in the Bronner lab to efficiently produce sea lamprey embryos throughout the summer, which became so successful that it still attracts researchers from all over the world for the “lamprey season” in Caltech. This enabled Tatjana to pioneer molecular biology approaches in lampreys, including loss-of-function experiments and the development of enhancer reporter assays. This early work laid the foundation for her subsequent contributions to illuminate the evolution of vertebrates, through the window of comparative studies of neural crest gene regulatory networks (reviewed in (8)).

In 2012 she became a group leader in the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM) at the University of Oxford, where s

he was awarded the prestigious Lister Institute Research Prize (2013) and the March of Dimes Basil O’Connor Research Award (2013). Her keen interest in emerging technologies and the development of novel molecular biology tools allowed her to consistently stay at the forefront of regulatory genomics in developmental biology. Indeed, Tatjana pioneered enhancer screens to identify thousands of cell-type specific cis-regulatory elements in avian and zebrafish embryos, which together with single cell genomics allow for the reverse engineering of entire gene regulatory networks (9). Tatjana is extremely dedicated to carrying out her research meticulously and strives to broaden the range of technologies employed (i.e. Cut-and-Run- sequencing, machine learning approaches to next generation sequencing analysis) in order to break the boundaries of research in her field. Now an Associate Professor for Genome Biology at the University of Oxford generously supported by the Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (2019), the Sauka-Spengler lab uses the neural crest, the enteric nervous system and the zebrafish heart epicardium to explore the dynamics of gene regulatory networks in development, regeneration, disease and evolution (9-17).

What further distinguishes Tatjana as a Cheryll Tickle awardee is her passion and dedication to the fostering of young talent in the field developmental biology. This stretches beyond the mentoring of her own group, and breadth of support we have received in her nominations for the award is a true testament to her contributions to the developmental biology community in the UK. There is no better way to understand this than through the words of the many people who have benefitted from her knowledge and energy since establishing her lab in 2012. I’ll therefore leave you with the following quotes, that do so well to emphasize how deserving she is of this award.

 “As her mentees, we believe Tatjana’s unique mentorship style is her most outstanding characteristic, and the achievements she seems to be most proud of are those of the people she mentored. Indeed, her first graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and advisees are now establishing their labs (i.e., Betancur lab in UCSF, Hockman lab, Uni. of Cape Town, Simoes-Costa lab in Cornell Uni., Strobl-Mazzulla lab in IIB-INTECH, Argentina). Testament to this, in 2018 she was awarded the RDM Award for Excellent Supervision (University of Oxford)”.  Chloe E. Tubman and Ivan L. Candido-Ferreira, DPhil candidates, University of Oxford.

“Tatjana is an inspirational role model for trainees and in particular for female scientists, for whom she provides guidance on balancing work and home life and inspires the confidence and direction to pursue individual goals”. Prof. Paul Riley, University of Oxford

“Simply put, Tatjana is an outstanding supervisor and mentor, not only to the people directly working with her, but also to any other junior scientist that approaches her for guidance”. Dr. Filipa Simões, University of Oxford.

“With her relentless energy and enthusiasm for excellent science combined with extensive knowledge and capacity to inspire, she has been a fantastic mentor. She sees the positive side of every situation and always provides a resolution, whether it be an experimental problem, writer’s block or personal matters”. Dr. Ruth Williams, University of Oxford.

“During our long-term collaboration Tatjana has hosted and supervised a number of my PhD students and post-doctoral fellows in her lab at the WIMM and trained them in maximising use of the zebrafish model to study heart development and regeneration. She has individually tutored my group members in bioinformatics to analyse RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq datasets and modified gene editing approaches, which has been invaluable for the next stages of their research careers”. Prof. Paul Riley, University of Oxford.

“Tatjana very readily welcomes visiting scientists to her laboratory. She also generously shares her expertise and knowledge with collaborators. For example, she has applied her in vivo biotinylation approach in zebrafish (10,18), which enables the isolation of specific cell populations by affinity purification, to characterize the neutrophil response to mycobacterium infection (19). With colleagues she applied this approach to characterize different epicardial subpopulations (17), and has discovered how macrophages contribute to cardiac regeneration (16)”.  Prof. Andrea Munsterberg, UEA

Ben Steventon,

Biography adapted from Chloe E. Tubman and Ivan L. Candido-Ferreira, DPhil candidates, University of Oxford. Additional input and editing provided by Tatjana Sauka-Spengler.

Selected papers:

  1. Sauka-Spengler, T., B. Baratte, M. Lepage, and S. Mazan, Characterization of Brachyury genes in the dogfish S. canicula and the lamprey L. fluviatilis. Insights into gastrulation in a chondrichthyan. Dev Biol, 2003. 263(2): p. 296-307.
  2. Sauka-Spengler, T., B. Baratte, L. Shi, and S. Mazan, Structure and expression of an Otx5-related gene in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula: evidence for a conserved role of Otx5 and Crxgenes in the specification of photoreceptors. Dev Genes Evol, 2001. 211(11): p. 533-44.
  3. Sauka-Spengler, T., A. Germot, D.L. Shi, and S. Mazan, Expression patterns of an Otx2 and an Otx5 orthologue in the urodele Pleurodeles waltl: implications on the evolutionary relationships between the balancers and cement gland in amphibians. Dev Genes Evol, 2002. 212(8): p. 380-7.
  4. Betancur, P., M. Bronner-Fraser, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Genomic code for Sox10 activation reveals a key regulatory enhancer for cranial neural crest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010. 107(8): p. 3570-5.
  5. Sauka-Spengler, T. and M. Barembaum, Gain- and loss-of-function approaches in the chick embryo. Methods Cell Biol, 2008. 87: p. 237-56.
  6. Nikitina, N., M. Bronner-Fraser, and T. Sauka-Spengler, The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: a model for evolutionary and developmental biology. Cold Spring Harb Protoc, 2009. 2009(1): p. pdb emo113.
  7. Sauka-Spengler, T., D. Meulemans, M. Jones, and M. Bronner-Fraser, Ancient evolutionary origin of the neural crest gene regulatory network. Dev Cell, 2007. 13(3): p. 405-20.
  8. Sauka-Spengler, T. and M. Bronner-Fraser, A gene regulatory network orchestrates neural crest formation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2008. 9(7): p. 557-68.
  9. Williams, R.M., et al., Reconstruction of the Global Neural Crest Gene Regulatory Network In Vivo. Dev Cell, 2019. 51(2): p. 255-276 e7.
  10. Trinh, L.A., V. Chong-Morrison, D. Gavriouchkina, T. Hochgreb-Hagele, U. Senanayake, S.E. Fraser, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Biotagging of Specific Cell Populations in Zebrafish Reveals Gene Regulatory Logic Encoded in the Nuclear Transcriptome. Cell Rep, 2017. 19(2): p. 425-440.
  11. Williams, R.M., U. Senanayake, M. Artibani, G. Taylor, D. Wells, A.A. Ahmed, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Genome and epigenome engineering CRISPR toolkit for in vivo modulation of cis-regulatory interactions and gene expression in the chicken embryo. Development, 2018. 145(4).
  12. Kenyon, A., D. Gavriouchkina, J. Zorman, V. Chong-Morrison, G. Napolitani, V. Cerundolo, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Generation of a double binary transgenic zebrafish model to study myeloid gene regulation in response to oncogene activation in melanocytes. Dis Model Mech, 2018. 11(4).
  13. Lukoseviciute, M., et al., From Pioneer to Repressor: Bimodal foxd3 Activity Dynamically Remodels Neural Crest Regulatory Landscape In Vivo. Dev Cell, 2018. 47(5): p. 608-628 e6.
  14. Hockman, D., et al., A genome-wide assessment of the ancestral neural crest gene regulatory network. Nat Commun, 2019. 10(1): p. 4689.
  15. Ling, I.T.C. and T. Sauka-Spengler, Early chromatin shaping predetermines multipotent vagal neural crest into neural, neuronal and mesenchymal lineages. Nat Cell Biol, 2019. 21(12): p. 1504-1517.
  16. Simoes, F.C., et al., Macrophages directly contribute collagen to scar formation during zebrafish heart regeneration and mouse heart repair. Nat Commun, 2020. 11(1): p. 600.
  17. Weinberger, M., F.C. Simões, R. Patient, T. Sauka-Spengler*, and P.R. Riley*, Functional heterogeneity within the developing zebrafish epicardium. Dev Cell, 2020: p. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.023.
  18. Trinh, L.A., V. Chong-Morrison, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Biotagging, an in vivo biotinylation approach for cell-type specific subcellular profiling in zebrafish. Methods, 2018. 150: p. 24-31.
  19. Kenyon, A., D. Gavriouchkina, J. Zorman, G. Napolitani, V. Cerundolo, and T. Sauka-Spengler, Active nuclear transcriptome analysis reveals inflammasome-dependent mechanism for early neutrophil response to Mycobacterium marinum. Sci Rep, 2017. 7(1): p. 6505.

Dear BSDB Member- February News!

With hopefully the worst of the winter behind us, we can all look forward to Spring and of course, the BSDB Spring Meeting, in Warwick, organised this year in collaboration with The Genetics Society. Highlights of the meeting will be talks from our 2020 Medal Winners, including Professor Tatjana Sauka-Spengler, winner of the Tickle Medal and Dr Wajid Jawaid, winner of the Beddington Medal. Congratulations to both!
The Waddington winner, is top secret, and not announced until their talk. Be there to see who has won our Society’s most prestigious prize!
TODAY is the deadline for Early Bird Registration

 

BSDB Annual General Meeting
The BSDB AGM will be held on the 17th March 18.05 – 19.05, in Warwick at the Spring Meeting (just before the party, which is also a highlight). This is your community and society, so if you have any important matters you’d like have discussed at the AGM, then please send an email in advance to BSDB.Secretary@ed.ac.uk

BSDB Committee Nominations
We will have four positions available on the BSDB committee this year, which will be voted on at the AGM. This includes three regular positions and a position for a postdoc representative. Please send nominations to BSDB.Secretary@ed.ac.uk. Nominators usually give a brief statement in support of their candidate at the AGM.

Newsletter
Our Communications Officer, Ben Steventon, is currently busy preparing the BSDB Newsletter, which is a proper account of all the BSDB news, so keep an eye out for that. Until then- we’ll see you at Warwick.

Medal winner interviews: in Development

The Waddington Medal is the only national award in Developmental Biology. It honours outstanding research performance as well as services to the subject community. The medal is awarded annually at the BSDB Spring Meeting, where the recipient presents the Waddington Medal Lecture. The 2019 winner is Kate Storey, please read Kate’s interview here.

In 2016, the BSDB introduced the Cheryll Tickle Medal, which is being awarded annually to a mid-career, female scientist for her outstanding achievements in the field of Developmental Biology. The 2019 awardee is Bénédicte Sanson, please have a read of Bénédicte’s  interview here.

Bénédicte Sanson – Winner of the 2019 Cheryll Tickle Medal.

In 2016, the BSDB introduced the Cheryll Tickle Medal, which is being awarded annually to a mid-career, female scientist for her outstanding achievements in the field of Developmental Biology.

The BSDB is proud to announce the 2019 awardee Bénédicte Sanson. Due to family commitments, Bénédicte was unable to be at the Spring meeting this year to receive the medal in person, but look out for her interview that will soon appear on the Node. 

After a PhD in Paris on the molecular mechanisms of mRNA processing in phage, Bénédicte Sanson switched to Drosophila developmental genetics for a postdoc in Cambridge at the MRC-LMB. During her four-year postdoc with Jean-Paul Vincent (1994-1998), she investigated key aspects of Wingless signalling (the homologue of vertebrate Wnt-1) in development.  Through this work, she became aware that the mechanisms underlying cell sorting at compartmental boundaries remained elusive.  This fostered a long-standing interest in morphogenesis, which became the focus of her independent research group when awarded a Wellcome Trust Career Development Award in 1998, hosted in the Department of Genetics, Cambridge. Since then, Bénédicte has built up an internationally recognized research group, obtaining a Lectureship in 2009, then a Readership in 2018, in the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience. In 2011 and then in 2017, she was awarded a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award to work on the mechanisms of cell sorting and collective cell movement in vivo.

Bénédicte has made key contributions to the field of developmental signaling, including demonstrating that the adhesion and signaling activities of Armadillo (the homologue of vertebrate Beta-catenin) are separable (Sanson et al., 1996) and elucidating novel signaling regulations at the parasegmental organizer in Drosophila embryos (Desbordes and Sanson, 2003; Sanson, 2001; Sanson et al., 1999). More recently, the work of her group has focused on understanding the fundamental processes driving tissue morphogenesis during development. Their work on tissue-scale forces showed that an extrinsic axial force extends the main body axis in Drosophila embryos, acting in parallel to actomyosin-dependent polarized cell intercalations (Butler et al., 2009). Next, they identified the source of this extrinsic force as caused by the invagination of the endoderm at the posterior of the embryo (Lye et al., 2015). Their work on cell sorting demonstrated that actomyosin-based mechanical “barriers” stop cells from invading adjacent compartments, pioneering CALI on GFP in Drosophila embryos to inactivate Myosin II subcellularly (Monier et al., 2010). They further showed that actomyosin-based barriers also order cells during axis extension (Tetley et al., 2016). Recently, the work of her group has shed light onto how actomyosin-driven tension can orientate cell divisions at compartmental boundaries (Scarpa et al., 2018). They also investigated how epithelial folding and actomyosin-enrichment are coupled downstream of Wingless signaling at boundaries (Urbano et al., 2018).

Underlying all of this work is a clear understanding that morphogenesis is dependent on both genetic and physical inputs. As a consequence, Bénédicte’s group often pioneers new methodologies to follow developmental processes quantitatively, and at multiple scales. Their approaches include computational methods to automatically track cell behaviours in real time, for thousands of cells; light sheet imaging (SPIM) to analyse morphogenetic events at the scale of the whole embryo; and laser cuts to probe and manipulate tissue tension. By combining such imaging and computational techniques, the lab continues to investigate how cell intrinsic and extrinsic forces integrate to shape developing tissues. Recently, Bénédicte’s group started developing computational models in collaboration with physicists and mathematicians, to explore the more mechanical aspects of morphogenesis.

In addition to her research contributions, Bénédicte has taught in a range of molecular and developmental genetics courses. Since her appointment in 2009, a significant fraction of her teaching for the University of Cambridge has been for the first year course in Veterinary Anatomy, contributing to the practical element of the course, where the students dissect the different organs and tissues. Other contributions include the active support of postdoctoral careers, both through a previous appointment at the Wellcome Trust to evaluate candidates for early career fellowships, and as Postdoc Committee Chair for her Department.

Selected papers:

Butler, L. C., Blanchard, G. B., Kabla, A. J., Lawrence, N. J., Welchman, D. P., Mahadevan, L., Adams, R. J. and Sanson, B. (2009). Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in Drosophila germ-band extension. Nat Cell Biol 11, 859-864.

Desbordes, S. and Sanson, B. (2003). The glypican Dally-like is required for Hedgehog signalling in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila. Development 130, 6245-6255.

Lye, C. M., Blanchard, G. B., Naylor, H. W., Muresan, L., Huisken, J., Adams, R. J. and Sanson, B. (2015). Mechanical Coupling between Endoderm Invagination and Axis Extension in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 13, e1002292.

Monier, B., Pelissier-Monier, A., Brand, A. H. and Sanson, B. (2010). An actomyosin-based barrier inhibits cell mixing at compartmental boundaries in Drosophila embryos. Nat Cell Biol 12, 60-65.

Sanson, B. (2001). Generating patterns from fields of cells. Examples from Drosophila segmentation. EMBO Rep 2, 1083-1088.

Sanson, B., Alexandre, C., Fascetti, N. and Vincent, J. P. (1999). Engrailed and hedgehog make the range of Wingless asymmetric in Drosophila embryos. Cell 98, 207-216.

Sanson, B., White, P. and Vincent, J. P. (1996). Uncoupling cadherin-based adhesion from wingless signalling in Drosophila. Nature 383, 627-630.

Scarpa, E., Finet, C., Blanchard, G. B. and Sanson, B. (2018). Actomyosin-Driven Tension at Compartmental Boundaries Orients Cell Division Independently of Cell Geometry In Vivo. Dev Cell 47, 727-740 e726.

Tetley, R. J., Blanchard, G. B., Fletcher, A. G., Adams, R. J. and Sanson, B. (2016). Unipolar distributions of junctional Myosin II identify cell stripe boundaries that drive cell intercalation throughout Drosophila axis extension. Elife 5, e12094.

Urbano, J. M., Naylor, H. W., Scarpa, E., Muresan, L. and Sanson, B. (2018). Suppression of epithelial folding at actomyosin-enriched compartment boundaries downstream of Wingless signalling in Drosophila. Development 145.

Kate Storey – Waddington medal winner 2019

The Waddington Medal is the only national award in Developmental Biology. It honours outstanding research performance as well as services to the subject community. The medal is awarded annually at the BSDB Spring Meeting, where the recipient presents the Waddington Medal Lecture. Here we introduce the 2019 winner Kate Storey who won the 2019 Waddington medal for her outstanding work in understanding the fundamental processes that control neural differentiation in vertebrate development.

Kate was first introduced to the core questions of developmental biology at the University of Sussex. She then started her research career as a graduate student in Cambridge where she already showed originality of thought and direction with an independent project on the neural development of the earthworm. This interest in understanding how a simple nervous system forms was pursued further supported with a Harkness fellowship in Berkeley, California, where she investigated leech development. On returning to UK, Kate switched to studying the development of the vertebrate nervous system where, over the years, she has made a string of exciting and important discoveries. This work has gained her international recognition in the field of developmental neurobiology and it is this, together with her many contributions to the developmental biology community, that has led to her being awarded the 2019 Waddington medal from the BSDB.

Kate Storey is now the head of the Division of Cell & Developmental Biology and Chair of Neural Development, in the School of Life Sciences, at the University of Dundee in Scotland. She investigates cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating neural differentiation in chick and mouse embryos as well as in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. By combining the advantages of each of these experimental systems, Kate has been able to gain substantial insights into the fundamental and conserved processes that regulate vertebrate neurogenesis. Her work has pioneered innovative live imaging approaches for monitoring behaviour and signalling of individual cells within developing tissues. These approaches have led to discovery of a new form of cell sub-division, named apical abscission, as well as providing insights into cell signalling dynamics that underpin asymmetric cell division. Not only is this work an excellent example of what can be learnt from observing cell biology within its normal context in vivo, it also pointed to new mechanism by which signalling is regulated during differentiation. Understanding how the dynamics of neuronal specification and differentiation is controlled during early development is a continued theme in Kate’s work.

Her earlier work showed that an interplay between FGF, Wnt and Retinoic Acid signalling is a fundamental signalling switch regulating the onset of neural differentiation. More recent findings have now linked a component of this, FGF/ERK signalling, to molecular machinery directing chromatin accessibility at neural genes. A further essential aspect of this discovery is in the provision of a mechanism by which the timing of neural differentiation can be coordinated with the progressive generation of somites within the paraxial mesoderm. Such work emphasises the ways in which developmental biologists can learn from studying processes from the sub-cellular level, through to the tissue and whole embryo level. Her discoveries have led to a programme of work that highlights the very best of developmental biology and continues to be an inspiration for young researchers entering the field.

Kate is seen as a leader in the field and has been prominent in promoting developmental biology in the UK and beyond. In Scotland, as Head of the Cell and Developmental Division of the University of Dundee since 2010, she has supported developmental biologists at different times in their careers. She has co-organized many scientific meetings including the first chick community wide meeting in 2007, the 2006 BSDB Autumn meeting on signal transduction mechanisms in development and, significantly, an EMBO workshop on spinal cord development that brought the field together for the first time in Sitges (Spain) in 2014. She has organised the Joint meeting of British, Spanish and Portuguese Societies for Developmental Biology 2015; and this year she co-chaired the Academy of Medical Sciences first international meeting on Neural Development in Oxford. Kate has in addition played an important role in the development of the field over the past ten years as a director of The Company of Biologists in particular by initiating and overseeing a series of interdisciplinary workshops on cell and developmental biology.

Kate was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2012 and awarded the MRC Suffrage Science Heirloom Award 2014. She was elected to EMBO membership in 2016 and to the Academy of Medical Sciences 2017. In addition to her scientific achievements, Kate is known for her contributions to promoting science to a wider audience world-wide through a unique collaborative project with her sister Helen, a fashion designer. In this project, key developmental processes served as inspiration for designing textiles and dresses to chronicle the emerging human embryo. The resulting exhibition “Primitive Streak” has been seen by over 3 million people. The exhibition was one of eight major achievements identified in The Wellcome Trust’s celebration of its first 75 years, being one of the best examples of The Trust’s contribution to science communication.

Selected papers:

Kasioulis I., Das, R.M., and Storey, K.G. (2017) Inter-dependent apical microtubule and actin dynamics orchestrate centrosome retention and neuronal delamination. eLife 2017;6:e26215.

This paper uncovers novel cytoskeletal architecture that characterises apical neuroepithelial cells. The study demonstrates how this is generated and shows that it is required for neuronal delamination.

Das, R.M. and Storey, K.G. (2014) Apical abscission alters cell polarity and dismantles the primary cilium during neurogenesis. Science 343, 200-204

This work identifies a new form of cell sub-division, apical abscission, which takes place as neurons are born and detach from the ventricular surface. This is mediated by downregulation of N-cadherin and actino-myosin contraction and involves loss of apical membrane and regulated dismantling of the primary cilium. Apical abscission may represent a new mechanism for regulating cell signaling during differentiation: loss of ciliary membrane possessing the hallmarks of active Shh signaling suggests that apical abscission curtails signaling through this pathway.

Patel, N.S., Rhinn, M., Semprich, C I., Halley, P.A., Dollé P., Bickmore, W.A., and Storey, K.G. (2013) FGF signalling regulates chromatin organisation during neural differentiation via mechanisms that can be uncoupled from transcription PLoS Genet. 2013, 9:e1003614

This paper shows that FGF signalling promotes chromatin compaction at neural genes in the mouse embryo and that this regulation of chromatin accessibility can be uncoupled from mechanisms that direct transcription.

Das, R.M. and Storey, K.G. (2012) Mitotic spindle orientation can direct cell fate and bias Notch activity in chick neural tube. EMBO Reports 13(5): 448-54

This paper shows that apico-basally-orientated cell-division generates an apical daughter that becomes a neuron and a basal daughter that elevates Notch activity and divides again in the chick neural tube. The work links asymmetric division to Notch signalling dynamics and identifies a new neuronal differentiation step in which apical cells commencing neuronal differentiation rapidly lose apical complex proteins.

Olivera-Martinez I, Harada H, Halley PA, Storey KG (2012) Loss of FGF-Dependent Mesoderm Identity and Rise of Endogenous Retinoid Signalling Determine Cessation of Body Axis Elongation. PLoS Biol 10(10): e1001415 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001415

This paper provides a mechanism for cessation of body axis elongation in the chick. It reveals a sudden and discrete loss of FGF-dependent mesoderm identity gene brachyury in the late tailbud and shows that this is due to breakdown of oppositional signalling between FGF and retinoid pathways.

Delfino-Machín, M., Lunn, J.S., Breitkreuz, D.N., Akai, J. and Storey, K.G. (2005) Specification and maintenance of the spinal cord stem zone. Development 132, 4273-83.

Characterizes the stem zone (now known as the Caudal Lateral Epiblast, CLE) of the chick embryo and shows that cells here express both neural and mesodermal genes. The work demonstrates the requirement (but not sufficiency) for FGF signalling for the induction and maintenance of stem zone (CLE) and the differential regulation of Hox genes in the elongating body axis.

Diez del Corral, R., Olivera-Martinez, I., Goriely, A., Gale, E., Maden, M., and Storey, K (2003) Opposing FGF and Retinoid pathways control ventral neural patterning, neuronal differentiation and segmentation during body axis extension. Neuron 40, 65-79.

This work describes the discovery of an oppositional signalling switch between FGF and retinoic acid that controls differentiation onset in the body axis. FGF represses differentiation, while retinoic acid attenuates Fgf8 in neuroepithelium and paraxial mesoderm, where it controls somite size, and is further required for neuronal differentiation and expression of key ventral patterning genes.

Acknowledgements: B.Steventon would like to thank Kate Storey for her contributions to this text, and Alfonso Martinez Arias and Cheryll Tickle for helpful information and thoughts taken from their nomination text.